Publications

Introduction of the Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Trust Service Providers in Georgia

Introduction of the Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Trust Service Providers in Georgia

Electronic documents and qualified electronic signatures have become an essential part of interactions between businesses, individuals, and administrative bodies in Georgia. When communicating with public institutions, such as participating in public procurement, entities are often required to submit documents electronically using a qualified electronic signature or a qualified electronic stamp. A qualified electronic signature provides […]

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Advertising Challenges for Gambling Companies in Georgia

The Georgian Law on Advertising (the Law) governs the production, placement, and dissemination of advertisements, with specific and stringent provisions applicable to gambling operators. This article examines the principal advertising challenges faced by gambling companies in Georgia. It draws on the key legal requirements, restrictions, and compliance risks established by the Law. Key Legal Provisions

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Energy Charter Treaty. Trade Part ll

Energy Charter Treaty. Trade Part ll

1. Georgia and the Energy Charter Treaty The 1994 Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”), ratified by Georgia on 22 February 1995, entered into force on 16 April 1998 (the “Effective Date”). Georgia also became a party to the 1994 Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects and the 1998 Amendment to the trade-related provisions of

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Substance Over Form Principle and Its Impact on Tax Obligations

Substance Over Form Principle and Its Impact on Tax Obligations

In practice, the legal form of a transaction may not always reflect its true economic substance. While in civil law such inconsistencies may be addressed through the concept of fraudulent transactions, in taxation, the issue can be approached differently. Under the Georgian Tax Code, the Revenue Service is authorized to reclassify a transaction for tax

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Taxation of Transactions between Development Companies and Landowners

Taxation of Transactions between Development Companies and Landowners

In Georgia’s fast-developing real estate sector, it is common for development companies and landowners to enter into complex contractual arrangements involving the exchange of land for completed residential or commercial spaces. While some transactions are structured as traditional sale-and-purchase agreements, barter arrangements are far more frequent in practice. Under such deals, the landowner transfers ownership

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Taxation of Foreign Currency Transactions in Georgia

Taxation of Foreign Currency Transactions in Georgia

In Georgia, many business transactions, such as loans, advance payments, or capital contributions, are carried out in foreign currency. While this practice is common in international commerce, it carries specific tax implications that depend on how such operations are reflected and valued for Georgian tax purposes. Under the Tax Code of Georgia, any taxable transaction

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Tax Obligations Related to Business Sale

Tax Obligations Related to Business Sale in Georgia

The sale of a business in Georgia can take two main forms: selling the company’s shares or selling its business assets. While both options ultimately transfer ownership and control, they differ substantially in their tax implications. Georgian tax law provides distinct treatment for each transaction type, especially under Personal Income Tax (PIT), Corporate Income Tax

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Georgia and Eenergy Charter Treaty

Georgia and Energy Charter Treaty

The 1994 Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”) was ratified by Georgia on 22 February 1995 and entered into force on 16 April 1998 (the “Effective Date”). Concerning related agreements, Georgia also became party to the 1994 Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects and the 1998 Amendment to the trade-related provisions of the ECT. The

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Proposed Amendments to Georgian Law on VASPs

Proposed Amendments to Georgian Law on VASPs: Mandatory Capital and Consumer Protection

On 17 September 2025, a bill introducing amendments to the Organic Law of Georgia “On the National Bank of Georgia” was submitted to the Georgian Parliament (the Amendments). The bill is currently pending its first reading. If adopted in its proposed form, the amendments will introduce a comprehensive regulatory framework for virtual asset service providers

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Tax Obligations upon Sale of Residential Property

Tax Obligations upon Sale of Residential Property

Introduction In Georgia, the taxation of real estate sales follows a simple and transparent framework. Unlike many other jurisdictions, Georgia does not impose a separate capital gains tax. Instead, profits from the sale of assets are taxed as ordinary income under either the Corporate Income Tax (CIT) or Personal Income Tax (PIT) regime, depending on

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